Author page: Akoume

Bacterial disease is a potential cause of illness and mortality in catfish fry. In African catfish hatcheries and nursery systems, bacterial infections can affect the skin, fins, gills, or internal…

Parasites can affect the health and survival of catfish fry in hatcheries and nursery systems. Depending on the parasite involved, an infestation may affect the skin, gills, or other tissues,…

Cloudy water is a common water-quality problem in catfish farming. It occurs when suspended particles, microorganisms, plankton, or other materials reduce water clarity. In African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) production, cloudy…

Foamy water is a water-quality condition that can occur in catfish ponds and tanks. Foam may appear as white, grey, or brown bubbles that collect on the water surface, around…

Pale gills in catfish can indicate a health problem, environmental stress, or an abnormality that requires further investigation. Healthy gill tissue plays an essential role in oxygen uptake, so changes…

Swollen gills in catfish can indicate irritation, inflammation, parasitic infestation, infection, or exposure to unsuitable water conditions. Because the gills are responsible for oxygen uptake, swelling that interferes with their…

Overstocking is a common management problem in catfish farming. It occurs when too many fish are kept in a pond, tank, or production unit relative to its water volume, oxygen…

Low dissolved oxygen is a major water-quality problem in fish farming. When the oxygen available in water falls below the level needed by fish, catfish may experience respiratory stress, reduced…

Ammonia is an important water-quality risk in catfish farming. It enters pond and tank water through fish waste, uneaten feed and the breakdown of organic matter. When ammonia accumulates, it…

Nitrite is a water-quality contaminant that can interfere with oxygen transport in fish. When nitrite accumulates in catfish ponds or tanks, affected fish may show respiratory distress, reduced feeding, weakness,…